Difference between revisions of "Week7"

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''<big> Executive Functions are almost entirely genetic in origin </big>''
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''<big> Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin. </big>''
  
 
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Recent psychological and neuropsychological research suggests that executive functions--the cognitive control processes that regulate thought and action--are multifaceted and that different types of executive functions are correlated but separable. The present multivariate twin study of 3 executive functions (inhibiting dominant responses, updating working memory representations, and shifting between task sets), measured as latent variables, examined why people vary in these executive control abilities and why these abilities are correlated but separable from a behavioral genetic perspective. Results indicated that executive functions are correlated because they are influenced by a highly heritable (99%) common factor that goes beyond general intelligence or perceptual speed, and they are separable because of additional genetic influences unique to particular executive functions. This combination of general and specific genetic influences places executive functions among the most heritable psychological traits. These results highlight the potential of genetic approaches for uncovering the biological underpinnings of executive functions and suggest a need for examining multiple types of executive functions to distinguish different levels of genetic influences.
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The human genome project has stimulated development of impressive repositories of
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biological knowledge at the genomic level and new knowledge bases are rapidly being
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developed in a ''bottom-up'' fashion. In contrast, higher-level phenomics knowledge bases are
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underdeveloped, particularly with respect to the complex neuropsychiatric syndrome,
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symptom, cognitive, and neural systems phenotypes widely acknowledged as critical to
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advance molecular psychiatry research. This gap limits informatics strategies that could
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improve both the mining and representation of relevant knowledge, and help prioritize
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phenotypes for new research. Most existing structured knowledge bases also engage a limited
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set of contributors, and thus fail to leverage recent developments in social collaborative
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knowledge-building. We developed a collaborative annotation database to enable representa-  
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tion and sharing of empirical information about phenotypes important to neuropsychiatric
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research (www.Phenowiki.org). As a proof of concept, we focused on findings relevant to
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''cognitive control'', a neurocognitive construct considered important to multiple neuro-psychiatric syndromes. Currently this knowledge base tabulates empirical findings about
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heritabilities and measurement properties of specific cognitive task and rating scale indicators
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(n = 449 observations). It is hoped that this new open resource can serve as a starting point that  
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enables broadly collaborative knowledge-building, and help investigators select and prioritize
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endophenotypes for translational research.
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* Keywords
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''phenotype; cognition; heritability; genetics; cognitive control; informatics''
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* Input Author
 
* Input Author

Revision as of 14:41, 20 March 2010

back to NS210b Class page

PMID 18473654

MANUSCRIPT ID

  • Title

Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin.

  • Reference

Friedman NP et al, 2008

  • Abstract

Recent psychological and neuropsychological research suggests that executive functions--the cognitive control processes that regulate thought and action--are multifaceted and that different types of executive functions are correlated but separable. The present multivariate twin study of 3 executive functions (inhibiting dominant responses, updating working memory representations, and shifting between task sets), measured as latent variables, examined why people vary in these executive control abilities and why these abilities are correlated but separable from a behavioral genetic perspective. Results indicated that executive functions are correlated because they are influenced by a highly heritable (99%) common factor that goes beyond general intelligence or perceptual speed, and they are separable because of additional genetic influences unique to particular executive functions. This combination of general and specific genetic influences places executive functions among the most heritable psychological traits. These results highlight the potential of genetic approaches for uncovering the biological underpinnings of executive functions and suggest a need for examining multiple types of executive functions to distinguish different levels of genetic influences.

  • Input Author

fws

MANUSCRIPT DETAILS

  • Introduction/Aims
A figure that details the phenomics strategy that looks a multi-variate and multi-level phenotypes
What are ‘executive functions’
‘an ability for individuals to control their own thoughts an actions’
Unity and Diversity of EF
initially thought of as a unitary construct
most thought of now is at least three (inhibit, update, shift)
most tasks are ‘impure’: one solution...use latent variables
Twins
Allow examination with fancy stats to see additive (a), common environment (c), and nonshared environment (e)
  • Method
ACE modeling of twin data
Participants
582 folks from 293 same-sex twin pairs (colorado longitudinal twin study)
316 MZ twins (177 female)
266 DZ twins (137 female)
age=16 or 17 ??
IQ mean =102, sd =11
Tasks
Inhibiting
Antisaccade
StopSignal
Stroop
Updating
keeptrack
lettermemory
spatial 2back
Shifting
letter-number
color-shape
category
WAIS and some perceptual speed measures too


  • Results


Velocity of the use of the term cognitive control in the published literature over the last ten years in comparison to similar latent constructs (including working memory, response selction, task-switching)
Heatmap of pairwise searches of latent constructs. Jaccard value is a measure of co-occurence
Cognitive Control construct and related concepts and tasks. Thickness of circles represent literature size and distance from cognitive control label represents co-occurence frequency


Table of findings for heritability of construct


  • Discussion
    • Executive functions show overwhelming strong genetic influence, and its not all related to a primary 'g' factor
    • Implications for future research using endophenotypes, latent variable approaches, and the search for the neurobiology of complex behaviors



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